  <!--
title: Python Programming: Dictionaries
type: lesson
duration: 00:30
creator: Susi Remondi
Private gist location: xxxxxx
Presentation URL: xxxxx
-->

## ![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/python-ga/images/GA_Cog_Medium_White_RGB.png)  {.separator}



<h1>Python Programming: Dictionaries</h1>


<!--


## Overview
This lesson introduces students to the concept of dictionaries. It begins with simple creation, printing, and changing values. It ends with a series of You Do exercises to build students' confidence.

## Important Notes or Prerequisites
This is the beginning of the object-oriented programming unit. Take a few minutes before starting this lesson to recap the idea of lists and storing elements in objects.

## Learning Objectives
In this lesson, students will:
- Perform common dictionary actions.
- Build more complex dictionaries.

## Duration
30 minutes

### Timing note:
- If there's time remaining at the end, it'd be great to give exercises involving multiple types of values in dictionaries.
- There is, in the `xx-additional-exercises` folder in the parent folder, a reverse lookup challenge that you should assign in class if there's time. If not, assign it as homework.

## Suggested Agenda

| Time | Activity |
| --- | --- |
| 0:00 - 0:03 | Welcome |
| 0:03 - 0:12 | Introducing Dictionaries |
| 0:12 - 0:27 | Complex Thoughts |
| 0:27 - 0:30 | Summary |

## In Class: Materials
- Projector
- Internet connection
- Python 3

-->

---

## Learning Objectives

*After this lesson, you will be able to:*

- Perform common dictionary actions.
- Build more complex dictionaries.

<aside class="notes">

**Teaching Tips:**

- Quickly go over these learning objectives.

</aside>

---

## Kicking Off Unit 3

In Unit 2, we ended by changing what our movie app printed depending on the value of a variable.

Unit 3 is about **objects** in programming.

- Objects are different kinds of things variables can hold.
- Objects help give our programs more structure and functionality.
- You already have one object down! Lists are an object with built-in functionality like `append()` and `pop()`.

In Unit 3, we're going to add many more objects. By the end, your movie app will have the same functionality, but it will be structured in a totally different way.

Ready? Let's go!

<aside class="notes">

**Teaching Tips:**

- Recap what students learned in Unit 2. Give a quick overview of what they'll learn in Unit 3.
- Feel free to speak about your own definition of "object-oriented programming" here.

**Talking Points:**

- Now that you have a feel for control flow, let's talk about objects.

</aside>

---

## Introducing Dictionaries

Think about dictionaries — they're filled with words and definitions that are paired together.

Programming has a dictionary object just like this!

- Dictionaries hold keys (words) and values (the definitions).
- In a real dictionary, you can look up a word and find the definition. In a Python dictionary, you can look up a key and find the value.


---

## Introducing Dictionaries

![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/ga-instruction/assets/python-fundamentals/dictionary.png)

<aside class="notes">

**Teaching Tips:**

- This is a pretty quick slide. Make sure everyone has the idea of looking up a word in a dictionary in their head.

**Talking Points:**

- We can have an object that holds keys (`'puppy'`, `'pineapple'`, `'tea'`) and their values (`'furry, energetic animal'`, etc.).
- Just like you can look up a word and find the definition in a real dictionary, in a Python dictionary you can look up a key and find the value.

</aside>

---

## Declaring a Dictionary

Dictionaries in programming are made of **key-value pairs**.

```python
# Here's the syntax:
name_of_dictionary = {"Key1": "Value", "Key2": "Value", "Key3": "Value"}
print(name_of_dictionary[key_to_look_up])
# Prints the value

# And in action...
my_dictionary = {"Puppy": "Furry, energetic animal", "Pineapple": "Acidic tropical fruit", "Tea": "Herb-infused drink"}

print(my_dictionary)
# Prints the whole dictionary
print(my_dictionary["Puppy"])
# => Prints Puppy's value: "Furry, energetic animal"
```


<aside class="notes">

**Teaching Tips:**

- Walk through the syntax:
    - Curly braces.
    - Colons between keys and values.
    - Commas between entries. The commas can be hard to see.
- Stress that this is basically just like a real dictionary.

**Talking Points:**

- Just like you can look up any word in the dictionary to get the definition, you can just use a key in a dictionary to find the value. This is known as a key-value pair, hence the definition of a dictionary: a set of key-value pairs.

</aside>

---

## We Do: Dictionaries and Quick Tips

The order of keys you see printed may differ from how you entered them. That's fine!

You can't have the same key twice. Imagine having two "puppies" in a real dictionary! If you try, the last value will be the one that's kept.

What's more, printing a key that doesn't exist gives an error.

Let's create a dictionary together.

<iframe height="300px" width="100%" src="https://repl.it/@GAcoding/blank-repl?lite=true" scrolling="no" frameborder="no" allowtransparency="true" allowfullscreen="true" sandbox="allow-forms allow-pointer-lock allow-popups allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-modals"></iframe>

<aside class="notes">

**Teaching Tips:**

- Create a dictionary; print it out; print out a few keys.
- Make your dictionary anything you'd like! Get input from the students on what it should be.
- Dictionaries can be tough, especially with all the syntax. The more practice, the better! Make sure they follow along.
- Try other cases: Use an integer for a key. Try printing a value and show that it fails — just like a real dictionary.

**Talking Points:**

- Keys can be a string or integer. (Show this.)
- You can look up any key — but not the value (just like a real dictionary!).
- Use meaningful keys: `my_zip_code` is better than `some_numbers`.
- The items that are returned when you access a dictionary come in any order they please.
  - This doesn't really matter that much, however, because the typical use case for a dictionary is when you know the exact key for the value you're looking for.
  - But, you should never count on the contents of a dictionary being in any order at all.

</aside>

---

## We Do: Dictionary Syntax


What if a value changes? We can reassign a key's value: `my_dictionary["Puppy"] = "Cheerful"`.

What if we have new things to add? It's the same syntax as changing the value, just with a new key:
`my_dictionary["Yoga"] = "Peaceful"`.

- Changing values is case sensitive — be careful not to add a new key!

<iframe height="300px" width="100%" src="https://repl.it/@GAcoding/python-programming-dictionary-change-key?lite=true" scrolling="no" frameborder="no" allowtransparency="true" allowfullscreen="true" sandbox="allow-forms allow-pointer-lock allow-popups allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-modals"></iframe>


<aside class="notes">

**Teaching Tips:**

- Be sure students are doing this with you. The more practice, the better.
- Demonstrate how to change and add new keys. Print out the dictionary after each one.
- Show that capitalization matters!

**Repl.it note**: This repl.it has:

```python
my_dictionary = {"Puppy": "Furry, energetic animal", "Pineapple": "Acidic tropical fruit", "Tea": "Herb-infused drink"}

print(my_dictionary)
```

</aside>


---

## Quick Review: Dictionaries

We can:

- Make a dictionary.
- Print a dictionary.
- Print one key's value.
- Change a key's value.

Here's a best practice: Declare your dictionary across multiple lines for readability. Which is better?

```python
# This works but is not proper style.
my_dictionary = {"Puppy": "Furry, energetic animal", "Pineapple": "Acidic tropical fruit", "Tea": "Herb-infused drink"}

# Do this instead!
my_dictionary = {
  "Puppy": "Furry, energetic animal",
  "Pineapple": "Acidic tropical fruit",
  "Tea": "Herb-infused drink"
}
```

<aside class="notes">

2 MINUTES

**Teaching Tips:**

- Do a quick check for understanding, then mention the line breaks. Make sure it's clear that the breaks are the only change.
- Make sure that students can do this thus far. Perhaps open an interpreter.

**Talking Points:**

- We still have our **key-value** pair format separated by commas, however, making it easily readable to a human, which is a good thing.
- Each item is on one line ending with a comma.
- We can do this with any dictionary, regardless of its contents.
- The syntax will remain the same.

</aside>


---

## Discussion: Collection Identification Practice

What are `a` and `b` below?:

```python
# What object is this?

collection_1 = [3, 5, 7, "nine"]

# What object is this?
collection_2 = {"three": 3, "five": 5, 9: "nine"}
```

<aside class="notes">

1 MINUTE

**Teaching Tips:**

- This is to quickly see if students can identify lists versus dictionaries.
- Talk about the difference between an "object" and a "collection" at a high level.

</aside>

---

## Looping Through Dictionaries


We can print a dictionary with `print(my_dictionary)`, but, like a list, we can also loop through the items with a `for` loop:

<iframe height="400px" width="100%" src="https://repl.it/@GAcoding/python-programming-dictionary-for-loop?lite=true" scrolling="no" frameborder="no" allowtransparency="true" allowfullscreen="true" sandbox="allow-forms allow-pointer-lock allow-popups allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-modals"></iframe>

<aside class="notes">

**Teaching Tips:**

- This is just a quick demo, not an exercise. Walk through this to show it working; describe what each line does.

**Talking Points:**

- Now, how do we loop through a dictionary? We can use the same `for` loop structure, but, instead of it iterating over each element in the collection, it will iterate over each key. We can then use the key to access the value.
- The lines in our `for` loop work like this:
    - The first line says, "For every key in the `friendzips` dictionary..."
    - The second line says, "… print the value in `friendzips` associated with the provided key."

**Repl.it note:** This repl.it has:
```python
my_dictionary = {
  "Puppy": "Furry, energetic animal",
  "Pineapple": "Acidic tropical fruit",
  "Tea": "Herb-infused drink"
}

for key in my_dictionary:
  print(my_dictionary[key])

for key in my_dictionary:
  print(key, ":", my_dictionary[key])
```
</aside>

---

## Partner Exercise: Dictionary Practice

You know the drill: Grab a partner and pick a driver!

Create a new local file, `dictionary_practice.py`. Write a script that declares a dictionary called `my_name`.

- Add a key for each letter in your name with a value of how many times that letter appears.

As an example, here is the dictionary you'd make for `"Callee"`:

```python
my_name = {"c": 1, "a": 1, "l": 2, "e": 2}
```

Write a loop that prints the dictionary, but formatted.

```python
# The letter l appears in my name 2 times.
```

**Bonus (if you have time)**: If it's only one time, instead print `The letter l appears in my name once`. If it's only two times, instead print `The letter l appears in my name twice.`

<aside class="notes">

5 MINUTES

**Teaching Tips:**

- This is a partner exercise, so pair students up.
- Some students might be tempted to write a complex script to count the letters in their name; make sure they can do it the simple way first (just setting `"l"` to `2`, for example).
- When students are done or time is up, go over the answer. Also, go over adding the `if` statements for the bonus.
</aside>

---

## Partner Exercise: Most Popular Word

With the same partner, switch who's driving.

Write a function, `max_val()`, that takes a dictionary and returns the
maximum value of any of the keys in the dictionary. Assume that the input
dictionary's values will always be non-null integers.

For example:

```python
input_dict = {
    'a': 2,
    'b': 3,
    'c': 1
}

max_val(input_dict)
# returns 3
```

**Hints:**

- When looping over a dictionary, does Python loop over the keys or the
    values? How do you make it loop over values?
- Bonus: have the function return the maximum value, _and_ the key
    associated with that value

<aside class="notes">

5 MINUTES

**Teaching Tips:**

- This is a partner exercise, so pair students up.
- When students are done or time is up, go over the answer.

- Solution:
    ```
    def max_val(d):
        maxnum = None
        for k in d.values():
            if maxnum is None:
                maxnum = k
            if k > maxnum:
                maxnum = k
        return(maxnum)
    ```
</aside>

---

## Other Values

We're almost there! Let's make this more complex.

In a list or a dictionary, anything can be a value.

Open this repl.it in a new window so you can see it all (the button in the top-right corner).

<iframe height="300px" width="100%" src="https://repl.it/@GAcoding/python-programming-dictionary-other-values?lite=true" scrolling="no" frameborder="no" allowtransparency="true" allowfullscreen="true" sandbox="allow-forms allow-pointer-lock allow-popups allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-modals"></iframe>


<aside class="notes">

**Teaching Tips:**

- This slide can be skipped in classes with struggling students; it's good information but not crucial to know at a beginner's level.
- This is a demo, not an exercise.
- This can be tough. Spend some time here.
- This repl.it is huge! Open it in a new window so students can see it all.
- All the code is there, you just need to walk through it.

**Repl.it note:** This code is:
```python
other_values_in_a_dictionary = {
  "CA": {"key1" : "value 1",
        "another_key" : "a value",
        "Joe" : "Even more dictionary!"
        },
  "WA": ["Trevor", "Courtney", "Brianna", "Kai"],
  "NY": "Just Tatyana"
}

print("Here's a dictionary and list in a dictionary:", other_values_in_a_dictionary)

print("----------")

other_values_in_a_list = [
  "a value",
  {"key1" : "value 1", "key2" : "value 2"},
  ["now", "a", "list"]
  ]
print("Here's a list and dictionary in a list:", other_values_in_a_list)
```

</aside>

---

## Summary and Q&A

Dictionaries:

- Are another kind of collection, instead of a list.
- Use **keys** to access **values**, not indices!
- Should be used instead of lists when:
  - You don't care about the order of the items.
  - You'd prefer more meaningful keys than just index numbers.

```python
my_dictionary = {
  "Puppy": "Furry, energetic animal",
  "Pineapple": "Acidic tropical fruit",
  "Tea": "Herb-infused drink"
}
```

<aside class="notes">

**Teaching Tips:**

- This is a quick recap. Check for understanding.
- If there is time (~15 minutes), there is an exercise on the next slide to assign as a You Do. Otherwise, the same exercise is in the `xx-additional-exercises` folder as `dictionary_reverse_lookup`; assign it as additional homework.
- After running the exercise (or not), talk about next steps.
</aside>
