Unit 3 Lab: Intermediate Variables

Lesson Objectives

After this lesson, you will be able to…

Create and floor floats.
Use special string characters.
Format strings.

Introducing: Floats

Did you notice that until now, we’ve only used whole numbers? Whole numbers are integers or, in programming terms, int.

Where are all the decimal points?

3.3, 1.1, and 2.2 are all floats.

Short for “floating point value”
A number with a decimal point. Even 2.0 is a float - it has the decimal!
Just another numerical variable!

an_int = 3 # Int!
a_float = 3.0 # Float!
x = 2.5 # Float!
z = 3.5 + 2.5 # Adding floats - normal math.
y = x + z
print(y) # Prints 8.5.
sum = an_int + a_float # What if we add an int and a float?
print(sum) # Prints 6.0. Adding an int to a float will still make a float!

Int / Int == Float ?!

A quotient is not necessarily a whole number! * 5 / 2 == 2.5 * 1 / 3 == 1.333...

Therefore, quotients are always floats - even when they look like ints. Python doesn’t distinguish!

6 / 2 == 3.0
8 / 4 == 2.0

Protip: This is called implicit type conversion - Python changed our numbers from ints to floats automatically.

Explicit Type Conversion

6 / 2 == 3.0: A float. What if you just want the int 3? (Pretty soon, having the right type will be important!). We need explicit type conversion.

int() converts something to an integer.
float() converts to a float.
str() converts to a string

Talking Points: - “Explicit type conversion is basically like saying directly to Python, I want this float to be an integer!”

Teaching Tips:

This is a repl.it so it’s easy to demo to students how this works. This isn’t an exercise - don’t spend long on the slide. After running through what’s there, add at the bottom converting strings.

Repl.it Note: The replit has

x = 2
y = 3.5
z = "10"

print("Converting to integers")
print(x, "to integer ->", int(x))
print(y, "to integer ->", int(y))
print(z, "to integer ->", int(z))
print()

print("Converting to floats")
print(x, "to float ->", float(x))
print(y, "to float ->", float(y))
print(z, "to float ->", float(z))

We Do: Let’s Practice

Let’s try:

Declare two variables, x and y, and assign each an int value.
Declare a variable z and assign a float value.
Declare a variable result, which stores x + y. What type is result? Let’s convert it to other types.
Is this behavior the same for other operators -, *, /, or **? What about using x and z?

Quick Review: Floats

In programming:

An int is a whole number: 1, 0, -5.
A float is a number with a decimal point: 1.6, -28.2, 0.0.
Doing any math with a float results in a float: 6 + 3.0 = 9.0.
Dividing integers results in a float: 4 / 2 = 2.0

You can use explicit type conversion to turn one variable type into another:

int() converts to an integer: int(6.0) # 6
float() converts to a float: float(6) # 6.0
str() converts to a string: str(6) # "6"

Up next: Floor Division.

Finding the Midpoint

One intermediate variable down! Let’s move on past floats.

What if we want to find the middle index of a list?

# An odd numbered list (length of 5)
characters = ["Green Arrow", "Super Girl", "The Flash", "Wonder Woman", "Batman"]

index = len(characters) / 2 # Index is 2.5

print(characters[index]) # There's no element 2.5!

We want 2. Any ideas? This is a very common use case - there must be a way!

Protip: Remember, indexes start at 0!

Introducing Floor Division

Python has a shortcut.

Floor division (a.k.a. integer division):

We use // instead of just /.
Does normal division, then drops the decimal and returns an int.
Think of the floor - it’s beneath you. We floor by rounding down. The decimal is chopped! 2.8 will become 2, not 3.

# Gives 2.5
float_index = 5 / 2

# Gives 2!
int_index = 5 // 2

You Do: Using Floor Division

Correct the code by using floor division:

Teaching Tips:

Give them just a couple minutes to do this, then show the answer.

Talking Points:

“Let’s take a minute or two to correct our midpoint code from earlier”

Repl.it Note: This replit has:

# Your job: Add multiplication (product) and division (quotient)
# to the addition and subtraction that have already been done.
# Observe: What is the result's type for each operation?

# Start with two integers
x = 6
y = 2

# Calculate the sum, difference, product, and quotient
result_sum = x + y
result_difference = x - y
# TODO: Multiplication of x and y
# TODO: Division of x and y

# Print out all results
print("result sum", result_sum)
print("result difference", result_difference)
# TODO: Print result product
# TODO: Print result quotient

Quick Review:

Floor division:

Drops the decimal point - always rounds down.
Performed using // instead of just /.
Returns an int instead of a float.

# Gives 2.5
regular_division = 5 / 2

# Gives 2!
floor_divison = 5 // 2

Next up: Specialty Strings!

Switching Gears: Strings

Our intermediate variables checklist: - Floats - Floor division

What about strings? We might want:

Printing special characters: A newline, a tab, or a quote inside of a string.
Formatting
- A string.
- The way an integer or float prints out.

Discussion: How would you go about printing a new line between strings, like below?

Hello!
This is a line later.

Special String Characters

Name	Escape Character	Notes
Newline		Whitespace: Inserts another line
Tab		Whitespace: Inserts a tab
Quote	"	Print a double quote, don’t end the string
Backslash	\	Prints \

quote = "\"These are not the droids you're looking for.\"\n\n\t-Obi-Wan Kenobi\n"

print(quote)

This prints, including the quotation marks:

"These are not the droids you're looking for."


    - Obi-Wan Kenobi

String Format

What else with strings?

String formatting uses index numbers, in {}, as placeholders for strings we later specify in format.

Indexes inside the braces refer to the arguments, in order!

## Indexes count from 0. ##
x = "{0}, {1}, {2}".format("man", "bear", "pig")
print(x) # prints "man, bear, pig"

## They don't need to be  in order ##
x = "{1}, {0}, {2}".format("man", "bear", "pig")
print(x) # prints "bear, man, pig"

## We can repeat! ##
x = "{0} {1} {0} {1} {0}".format("Hello", "World")
print(x) # prints "Hello World Hello World Hello"

Escaping and Format

Check it out:

Teaching Tips:

This isn’t an exercise - it’s a demo to show and gain students’ understanding.
Show several variants of poking around with this code! Maybe demonstrate some more escape characters.

Talking Points:

“Let’s put the concepts of escaping characters with backslash and format to make a shortened version of some Beatles lyrics”

Repl.it Note: This replit has

# Two ways to print the same thing

# First way
lyrics = "let it be, let it be, let it be, let it be\nwhisper words of wisdom\nlet it be\n"

print(lyrics)

# Second way, with format
let_it_be = "let it be"
whisper = "whisper words of wisdom"

print("{0}, {0}, {0}, {0}\n{1}\n{0}".format(let_it_be, whisper))

Quick Review

Special strings:

A backslash \ escapes special characters: \" will print a quote and \\ prints a \.
\n creates a New line; \t creates a Tab.

String formatting:

Can be used when printing or creating new strings.
Use {x}; x corresponds to the number of the argument.

x = "{0}, {1}, {2}".format("man", "bear", "pig")
print(x) # prints "man, bear, pig"

x = "{1}, {0}, {2}".format("man", "bear", "pig")
print(x) # prints "bear, man, pig"

x = "{0} {1} {0} {1} {0}".format("Hello", "World")
print(x) # prints "Hello World Hello World Hello"

Number Format

What about number formatting?

Specify a float’s precision (how many decimal points are shown).
Add commas to an integer (so it’s more readable!).

x = format(1/3, '.2f')
print(x) # Technically, 1/3 is .333333333333. This prints "0.33"
x = format(2.0024292, '.3f')
print(x) # This prints "2.002"

x = format(5200, ',d')
print(x) # Prints "5,200"

Note: Number formatting creates strings!

You Do: Bring It All Together!

Open a new file and name it “solution.py”.
Make a dictionary called “sports” with at least 4 key / value pairs.
- Keys are the names (e.g., tennis, soccer, volleyball).
- Values are the the number of people that play in a game.
Use a loop to print out all the keys and values.
- Output:
```
I like "tennis".
There are usually 2 players in tennis.
```
- Note the new line and quotes, and use format to print out your string!
BONUS: Every other sport, indent by another tab.
- 0 tabs: Tennis.
- 1 tab level: Soccer.
- 2 tab levels: Volleyball.

HINT: Use floor division for the bonus! number_of_tabs = loop_counter // 2

Summary and Q&A

Floats (2.52)
Floor (int_index = 5 // 2) - creates an int.
Escape characters (\\, \n, \r, \t, \")
Formatting:

x = "{0}{1}{0}".format("Hello", "World")
print(x) # prints "HelloWorldHello"

x = format(5200, ',d') # "5,200" -> A string!

x = format(1/3, '.2f') # 0.33

Type conversion:
- int()
- float()
- str()

Unit 3 Lab: Intermediate Variables

Lesson Objectives

Introducing: Floats

Int / Int == Float ?!

Explicit Type Conversion

We Do: Let’s Practice

Quick Review: Floats

Finding the Midpoint

Introducing Floor Division

You Do: Using Floor Division

Quick Review:

Switching Gears: Strings

Special String Characters

String Format

Escaping and Format

Quick Review

Number Format

You Do: Bring It All Together!

Summary and Q&A

Additional Resources