data-science-notes/python.md

Python

Lesson Objectives

1. Print a message
2. Add a comment
3. Create a variable and assign it a value
4. Explain the different data types
5. Perform calculations with variables
6. Use string operations
7. Create a list
8. Access an element of a list
9. Perform a set of commands depending on a situation
10. Get user input
11. Repeatedly perform a set of commands
12. Use a for loop
13. Define a function
14. Create a class for an object
15. Have a class inherit from another
16. Create a factory for objects

Print a message

You can print a message to the user

print("hello!")

Add a comment

• Comments let you summarize what you're doing
• They don't get executed

# this will not be executed

Create a variable and assign it a value

a = "hello"
print(a) ##print the value of the variable 'a'

Explain the different data types

There are lots of different types of data that you can use in python

• String (text)
• Integers (whole numbers)
• Float (decimal numbers)
• Booleans (True/False)

You can convert one data type to another

a = str(1) #a = "1"
b = int("5") #b = 5
c = float(4) #c = 4.0
d = int(5.7) #d = 5

Perform calculations with variables

a = 1
b = a + 1 #b = 2
c = b * 3 #c = 6
d = c - 1 #d = 5
e = float(d) / 2 #e = 2.5
f = d ** 2 #exponent: f = 25

Use string operations

a = "first string"
b = "second string"
c = a + " " + b

Create a list

You can create lists of things

a = [1, 5, "some string", True, 5.6]

You can even have lists of lists

a = [
    [1, 2, 3], #first row
    [4, 5, 6], #second row
    [7, 8, 9], #third row
    [10] #fourth row
]

You can conceptualize a list of lists however you want

ACTIVITY

How would you change the previous example so that each inner list is a column?

Access an element of a list

Lists have elements stored at numerical indexes, starting at 0

a = [1, 5, "some string", True, 5.6]
print(a[0]) #1
print(a[1]) #5
print(a[4]) #5.6

Perform a set of commands depending on a situation

a = 22
if a < 10:
    print("a is less than 10")
elif a == 10:
    print("a is 10")
else:
    print("a is greater than 10")

The conditions can be

• < less than
• > greater than
• <= less than or equal to
• >= greater than or equal to
• == an exact match
• != not equal to

You can also compare strings:

a = 'oh hai!'
if a == 'oh hai!':
    print('this works')

You can combine conditional statements:

check to see if both conditions are met:

a = 1
b = 2
if a == 1 and b == 2:
  print('y') # will print only when both a==1 AND b==2

check to see if either condition are met

a = 2
b = 2
if a == 1 or b == 2:
  print('y') # will print when either a==1 OR b==2

Get user input

You can get user input from the command like so:

user_input = input("Please enter something: ")
print("you entered: " + user_input)

ACTIVITY

Write a program that models this flow chart:

Repeatedly perform a set of commands

a = 10
while a < 20:
    print("the value of a is currently: " + str(a))
    a = a + 1

ACTIVITIES

1. Write a program that models this flow chart:

   

2. Given the following list [70, 95, 97, 55, 3, 24, 89, 97, 84, 11]

   • Write a program that loops through each value in the list and prints it
   • Write a program that loops through each value in the list and adds them all together
   • Write a program that loops through each value in the list and prints the average
   • Write a program that loops through each value in the list and prints the minimum
   • Write a program that loops through each value in the list and prints the maximum

3. Combine all the programs from the previous step into one program that asks the user what operation they would like to do

4. Alter the last program so that it performs the operations for only numbers that are greater than a number specified by the user

Use a for loop

The process of looping through an array can be simplified with a for loop:

foods = ['hot dogs', 'beer', 'bald eagles']
for food in foods:
    print(food)

You can loop through a set of numbers using a range

for x in range(0, 3):
  print(x)

ACTIVITIES

Simplify the last set of activities using a for loop

Define a function

If you have a routine that you run over and over again, you can define your own function:

def greet():
  print('hi')

greet()

Functions can take parameters which alter their functionality:

def greet(name):
  print('hi, ' + name)

greet('bob')

Functions can return values:

def add(value1, value2):
  return value1 + value2
  
print(add(1,3))

ACTIVITIES

Create a calculator program that continually asks a user what operations they want to perform, until the user says 'quit'

Create a class for an object

You can use a class or blueprint for objects that you'll use

class Person:
  def __init__(self, name, age):
    self.name = name
    self.age = age

  def greet(self):
    print("Hello, my name is " + self.name + ". My age is " + str(self.age))

me = Person("Matt", 36)
me.greet()
sally = Person("Sally", 53)
sally.greet()

• __init__ is a function that gets called when a new object is created.
• self is the object that's created

Have a class inherit from another

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def greet(self):
        print("Hello, my name is " + self.name + ". My age is " + str(self.age))

    def work(self):
        print("Boring...")

class SuperHero(Person): # tell it to inherit from Person
    def __init__(self, name, age, powers):
        super().__init__(name,age) # call Person's __init__()
        self.powers = powers

    def greet(self):
        super().greet() # call Person's greet()
        self.listPowers()

    def listPowers(self):
        for power in self.powers:
            print(power)

    def work(self): # override Person's work()
        print("To action!")

superman = SuperHero('Clark Kent', 200, ['flight', 'strength', 'invulnerability'])

superman.greet()
superman.work()

Create a factory for objects

class Car:
    def __init__(self, maker, model, serial):
        self.maker = maker
        self.model = model
        self.serial = serial

class CarFactory:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        self.cars = []

    def makeCar(self, model):
        self.cars.append(Car(self.name, model, len(self.cars)))

    def listCars(self):
        for car in self.cars:
            print(car.maker + " " + car.model + ": " + str(car.serial))

    def findCar(self, serial):
        for car in self.cars:
            if(car.serial == serial):
                return car

toyota = CarFactory('Toyota')
toyota.makeCar('Prius')
toyota.makeCar('Rav 4')
toyota.listCars()
print(toyota.findCar(1).model)

Activities

• Landscaper
• Castle Battle