python-sql-lessons/SQL/lessons/sql_3.md

PostGres - Advanced

Lesson Objectives - important

1. Linking Tables
2. Alias
3. Indexes
4. Default Values
5. Constraints
6. Distinct

Lesson Objectives - good to know about

1. EER Diagrams
2. Unions
3. Truncate
4. Views
5. Functions
6. Stored Procedures
7. Triggers
8. Transactions
9. Locks
10. Privileges
11. Denormalization
12. Excel -> CSV -> SQL

Important

Linking Tables

You can have lots of different kinds of relationships between your data. Here are the most common. This page has some nice ways to visualize the data

• One to Many/Many to One Relationships
  • This is the most common
  • One customer can have many orders
  • Many orders can belong to one customer
  • Each order row contains a customer_id column, which denotes which customer they belong to
• Many to Many Relationships
  • Not as common, but still prevalent
  • Each actor is in many movies
  • Each movie has many actors in it
  • A "linking table" exists which maps actors to movies
    • It contains only an actor_id and a movie_id column
    • You'll need to join actors to actors_movies_linker and then join that again to movies (yes, you can have multiple joins in one query)
• Self Referncing Relationships
  • Customer referral system
  • Each customer has a referal_id which points back to the customer table
  • This is just like the One to Many relationship, but both tables are the same
• One to One Relationships
  • Seats at a theater
  • Each person has only one seat
  • Each seat has only one person
  • This is just like a One to Many relationship, but there are no duplicate values in the foreign key column

Alias

Sometimes table/column names can become difficult to read. When this happens, sometimes it is easier to temporarily rename them within the context of the query. Note this does not change anything in memory.

SELECT t1.column1 as col1, t2.column2 as col2
FROM table1 as t1
INNER JOIN table2 as t2
ON t1.common_filed = t2.common_field;

This can also help when you use the same table twice in one query. Say you had a flight tracker database. This would be a Many to Many relationship, where the flights would act as the linking table. It would contain Foreign Key references for both departure_id and arrival_id, but each column would point to the same locations table. In order to reference columns correctly, you would need to rename the locations table at least once

SELECT *
FROM locations AS depatures
JOIN flights
	ON flights.departure_id = departures.id
JOIN locations AS arrivals
	ON flights.arrival_id = arrivals.id

Indexes

1. CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name);
2. CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column1_name, column2_name);
3. Primary Key
4. use \d table_name to view indexes

Default Values

CREATE TABLE people (id SERIAL, name VARCHAR(16), age INT DEAFULT 0);
\d people

INSERT INTO people (name) VALUES ('matt');
SELECT * FROM people;

Constraints

1. NOT NULL
2. Unique
3. Foreign Keys

CREATE TABLE companies(
	id SERIAL,
	name VARCHAR(16)  NOT NULL,
	city VARCHAR(16)
);

INSERT INTO companies ( city ) VALUES ('Palo Alto');

CREATE TABLE people(
	id INT,
	name VARCHAR(16),
	email VARCHAR(32) UNIQUE,
	company_id INT REFERENCES companies(id)
);

\d people

INSERT INTO people (name, email, company_id) VALUES ('bob', 'bob@bob.com', 999) -- bad company_id
INSERT INTO people (name, email, company_id) VALUES ('bob', 'bob@bob.com', 1) -- not unique email

Distinct

SELECT DISTINCT city FROM people;

Good to Know About

EER Diagrams

Unions

SELECT name FROM people UNION SELECT name FROM companies; -- show distinct values
SELECT name FROM people UNION ALL SELECT name FROM companies; -- show duplicates

Truncate

TRUNCATE TABLE people; -- delete all data, but don't delete table itself

Views

CREATE VIEW new_yorkers AS SELECT * FROM people WHERE city = 'NYC';

\dv

SELECT * FROM new_yorkers

Functions

CREATE FUNCTION add_numbers(a integer, b integer) RETURNS integer AS $$
	BEGIN
		RETURN a + b;
	END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

\df

SELECT add_numbers(2,4);

Stored Procedures

CREATE PROCEDURE add_person(new_name VARCHAR(16))
LANGUAGE plpgsql
AS $$
BEGIN
	INSERT INTO people (name) VALUES (new_name);
END
$$;

\df

call add_person('matt');

Triggers

CREATE TABLE backup_people (id INT, name VARCHAR(16), age INT);

CREATE FUNCTION moveDeleted() RETURNS trigger AS $$
	BEGIN
		INSERT INTO backup_people VALUES (OLD.id, OLD.name, OLD.age);
	RETURN OLD;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

CREATE TRIGGER archive_person
	BEFORE DELETE on people
	FOR EACH ROW
	EXECUTE PROCEDURE moveDeleted();

\df

DELETE FROM people WHERE id = 1;

Transactions

BEGIN;

INSERT INTO people (name) VALUES ('matt');

SELECT * FROM people;

-- start a different session and run SELECT * FROM people;
-- Switch back to original session

COMMIT;

-- in other session run SELECT * FROM people;

OR

BEGIN;

INSERT INTO people (name) VALUES ('matt');

SELECT * FROM people;

asdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdf;

ROLLBACK;

SELECT * FROM people;

Locks

BEGIN;
LOCK TABLE people IN ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE;
SELECT * FROM people WHERE id = 12 FOR UPDATE;

-- start a new session and run UPDATE people SET name = 'Matt' WHERE id = 12;
-- switch back to original session

UPDATE people SET age = 43 WHERE id = 12;
SELECT * FROM people;
END;

Privileges

CREATE USER youruser;
\du

-- new session
psql -U youruser -d supertest_lab
SELECT * FROM people;

-- original session
GRANT ALL ON people TO youruser;

-- switch sessions again
SELECT * FROM people;

Denormalization

id	name	age	company_id	company_name	company_address
1	matt	43	1	google	SF

Excel -> CSV -> SQL

• Create sheet
• File -> Download -> .csv
• COPY people (name, age, ancestry, city) FROM '/Users/matthuntington/Downloads/people.csv' DELIMITER ',' CSV;

SQL Injection

• input with value Huntington'; DROP TABLE people;